Informatics In Public Health Information Technology Essay

Informatics In Public Health Information Technology Essay Yasnoff et al(2000)stated that effective public health requires timely, accurate, and informative information from a wide variety of sources. Not surprisingly, public health professionals have been among the earliest users of computers , other information technologies from which numerous and useful computerized information and surveillance systems have been developed(Yasnoff et al, 2000).A more systematic and informed approach to the application of information science and technology needs to be utilized in order to take full advantage of its potential to enhance and facilitate public health activities(Yasnoff et al, 2000). However, OCarroll et al(2002)defined public health informatics as the systematic application of information and computer science and technology to public health practice, research, and learning. Public health informatics is primarily an engineering discipline and a practical activity ungirded by science and oriented to the accomplishment of specific tasks(OCarroll et al, 2002). How informatics impact or improve public health? The scope of public health informatics includes the conceptualization, design, development, deployment, refinement maintenance, and evaluation of communication, surveillance, information, and learning systems relevant to public health(OCarroll et al, 2002). Using strategies and standards, practitioners employ public health informatics tools and training to maximize health impacts at local, state, and national levels(CDC, 2006).They develop and deploy information technology solutions that provide accurate, timely, and secure information to guide public health action(CDC, 2006). Public health informatics involves the application of knowledge and practice from numerous disciplines that contribute to public health(OCarroll et al, 2002).Advances in public health informatics resulted in public health innovations and added value to interventions by providing the capability for more timely detection of health problems and more complete and efficient health communications (CDC, 2006). Surveillance is an aspect of public health that can be dramatically transformed by the application of information technology(Yasnoff et al, 2000). How public health informatics is different from medical informatics? The primary focus of public health informatics is on the applications of information science and technology that promote the health of populations while the primary focus of medical informatics is on the health of specific individuals who presents with a specific disease or condition requiring diagnosis and treatment(OCarroll et al, 2002). A primary focus of public health informatics is on the applications of information science and technology that prevent disease and injury by altering the conditions that put populations of individuals at risk while whereas medical informatics is on the application of information science and technology for the treatment of individuals who already have a disease or high risk conditions(OCarroll et al, 2002). Prevention approach in public health informatics is not predetermined by professional discipline, but rather by effectiveness, expediency, cost, and social acceptability of intervening at various potentially vulnerable points in a causal chain whereas medical informatics preventive interventions is within the context of each professional discipline with focus on one or a few points in the causal chain(OCarroll et al, 2002). Public health informatics is not restricted to particular social, behavioral, or environmental contexts whereas medical informatics is restricted to clinical and surgical encounters(OCarroll et al, 2002). Public health informatics involves operation within a governmental context requiring responsiveness to legislative, regulatory, and policy directives whereas medical informatics involves operation through private practices, clinics, hospitals, with governmental direction primarily in terms of quality assurance (OCarroll et al, 2002). References. OCarroll, P,W; Yasnoff, W, A; Ward, M,E; Ripp, L,H; Martin,E;L.(2002).Public health informatics and information systems. Springer. Yasnoff, W, A; OCarroll, P,W; Koo, D; Linkins, R, W; Kilbourne,E;M.(2000).Public health informatics: Improving and transforming public health in the information age. Journal of Public Health Management Practice Vol 6(6); p67-75. CDC(2006).Informatics and public health at CDC. MMWR Vol 55(SUP02); 25-28. Retrieved from http//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su5502a10.htm Top of Form Week 1: Introduction to Informatics in Public Health Discussion It was not until 1988 that efforts by the Institute of Medicine described public health with a working definition that outlined its mission, components, and core functions, as a result, the focus began to shift from medicine and treatment of disease to public health and its goals of prevention and health promotion (Schneider 2006). As noted by OCarroll (2003), with public health reform, an increase in managed care and the revolution of new technology, public health professionals increased the need of public health informatics forcing the transition of traditional methods of information storage to the development of technological software. Prior to the emergence of public health as a discipline, medical informatics was employed in various healthcare institutions. Hasman and Haux (1996) described medical informatics as discipline that intersects information science, computer science, and health care to address the storage, retrieval, and use biomedical information for problem solving and decision making. To keep abreast of an ever changing technological society, public health informatics emerged. OCarroll, 2003 noted that public health informatics is defined as the systematic application of information and computer science and technology to public health practice, research and learning (p5). According to OCarroll (2003), it is different from medical informatics because it focuses on populations, disease prevention, preventative interventions, and governmental operations. Informatics is now a discipline that is increasing being integrated into the field of public health. The National Center for Public Health Informatics (NCPHI), for example, is one of the national centers of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Started in 2005, the NCPHI in composed of five divisions and seeks to use information technology to aid in surveillance, outbreak response, and laboratory reporting and other aspects of public health. The goals of the center is to enhance monitoring and research and increase real time access to health information. The National Centers for Public Health Informatics although a fairly new have several tools in place to maximize access to health information (CDC 2009). The use of informatics of found throughout the field of public health. With the development of new technology, public health informatics seeks to further incorporate new software to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the collection, analysis, and reporting of public health information. To fully embrace the impact informatics can have on public health OCarroll (2003) claimed that education and training is imperative to decrease the sense of inadequacy among public health professionals and promote the widespread implementation of public health informatics as a discipline.

Ben and Jerry’s Case Study

The world outside the US, Europe and ANZ relates US business today with Microsoft, Citibank and Google. Not much is known about Ben and Jerry, nor is the company taken up for discussion in management schools in the emerging nations of the world. This is a pity as the history of this company is the stuff of corporate legend and provides a very different perspective of the image of US companiesBen Cohen and Jerry Greenfield, school companions at Calhoun High School in Merrick, Long Island teamed up in 1978 to open an ice cream shop in Burlington, Vermont. Both were twenty-seven years old and unlikely entrepreneurs. They had never been to business school and had tinkered around with academics and disparate work opportunities before deciding to make ice cream. Ben had attended three different colleges before dropping out and had supported himself with low-end jobs while he freewheeled through life.He learned craft and worked as a craft teacher for three years teaching pottery, stained gl ass, and film making to disturbed adolescents before he started his small ice cream shop in a converted gas station. Jerry graduated from high school with a merit scholarship but could not get admission to medical school despite trying more than once. In 1977, he along with Ben took a correspondence course in ice cream making from Penn State before opening their parlor.Both Ben and Jerry, products of the counter culture of the sixties were never interested in creating large businesses and looked upon the venture more as a means of livelihood, which would enable them to live lives of dignity and allow them to work on social causes.They carried with them beliefs and ideologies that were in many ways opposed to the thinking of profit oriented business corporations. This ideology with its’ stress on human values guided the strategy and mission of Ben and Jerry’s. Among other things, it also led to the formulation of the 5:1 remuneration practice, wherein the company decree d that the highest individual employee payout would not be more than 5 times the entry-level salary at base level.The very thought of such an idea in a business environment where similar ratios moved in the region of 90:1 was revolutionary. It was indicative of Ben’s desire to place social commitment above business expediency and was to be a forerunner of the strategy the company would follow in all areas.The ice cream company did well. The business grew to become a manufacturer of distinctive ice cream products with a geographic reach far beyond Vermont. In barely ten years, it became one of the largest ice cream producers in the US; respected for its unusual business practices and social commitment. The company adopted a number of practices, which were distanced from those of a profit and cost conscious business organization. Most decisions were judgmental and stemmed from ideology and conviction.The ice cream had large chunks or tidbits of flavoring which broke up the smoo thness but provided a chewy and delightful sensation. The products were natural and had no artificial ingredients though some of the chunks did. It was made only in Vermont with local milk. Marketing efforts eschewed traditional methods and market research and media spend did not figure in the scheme of things. Promotions were through sponsoring of educational events, summer music festivals and the like.The company, in its’ initial days was targeted by market leaders Haagen Dazs. It took the leader on both in the courts and on the streets with their â€Å"What is the Doughboy afraid of?† campaign and sales soared after Haagen Dazs came up with an out of court settlement. The continuous social commitment of Ben and Jerry’s, its unstructured and informal working atmosphere and its’ quality and consumer focus remained unaltered as the company grew in size and reputation.In 1988, barely ten years after formation, ben and Jerry were named small business person s of the year. Ben Cohen went to the White House in a borrowed suit to pick up the trophy. By then the company had identified twelve core markets covering   two thirds of US superpremium sales and had achieved distribution in each supermarket chain inthese areas.The social commitment of the company was evinced in a number of areas and was exemplified by its 5:1 employee remuneration policy. It was this commitment which finally led to a rift between Ben Cohen, the major shareholder and the President, Chico Lager. This is the primary focus of this case study.

Introducing Social Problems to Write about

Introducing Social Problems to Write about These prices have to be prepared for the public writing report. It is recommended to look for the one which has an excellent reputation and offers high-quality papers at inexpensive rates. In addition, there are issues which don't fall into either category, including wars. Ladies have a tendency to understand their victim, and in several cases report using violence in self-defence. Everything you should do is to fill out the shape and to be responsible for services. As an example, as a writer, you can control what content which you choose to write about but you maynot control the way your work is going to be received. Your support people currently devote an insane quantity of time on issues. In addition, by utilizing email, you eliminate several of the communication issues that arrive with supporting a global item. Sharing expert blog posts in social media is a superb means to obtain exposure as well as search engines. You might have heard that social networks ought to be part of your advertising. Social media as a new kind of child-bullying. Also make sure that you write about content associated with your organization. You also receive a fine opportunity to dig more into research! For a social issue to be classified as an issue, it has to be getting attention from the general public. When picking your social problems topic, try to remember that it's always much better to write about something you're already more or less acquainted with. By following the easy tasks above you'll be on your way to figuring out how to compose a blog post and never run out of ideas. Get the Scoop on Social Problems to Write about Before You're Too Late Although there are different problems that can be credited to this, the total cause of these has become the failure by the state to deal with the requirem ents of its citizens well. It results in inadequate education, environmental degradation and a good deal of other social issues. Furthermore, these problems are related to one another and it can appear hard to address one without addressing them all. Difficulties with the environment are almost directly associated with poverty and issues with education. Poverty is among the principal social trouble in the world. This social issue is a choice case of a problem that will resonate with a huge audience. The cost of an essay rides on the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. While all pieces of your essay ask you to respond in your words, it's important to substantiate your argument with three or more academic sources, with one reference from your e-Text. Maybe you'd also love to create digital products or compose a book. To start with, your essay is supposed to deal with a particular social, psychological or anthropological matter. If you are now out of work and feeling hopeless, you aren't alone. You may cull those from your own private experience. However, you can be positive the majority of the moment. All of them work and run the exact same. Attempt as much as possible to concentrate on what is good in life. Therefore, if you think about just how bad your life is, then you'll produce more situations and circumstances that will cause you to feel bad. So begin focusing on the fantastic things consistently and you will notice the way your life will change. You also have a great life if you're able to properly clothe and feed yourself. Social Problems to Write about at a Glance What you do affects the way that you feel. You NEED an easy way for individuals to report bugs. On the flip side, as stated by the conflict theory, change is inevitable and frequently beneficial. You're building a photo of a social issue, and you will need to bring up every potential side of the story. To acquire an essay help on the internet you want to complete the application form on the site. So, you're going to be able to talk about all critical questions and changes directly. Don't hesitate to use our sample topics to produce your o wn! Use the purchase calculator below and begin! Gender and societal institutions, roles, relationships, social problems You might wish to write about the association between gender and any variety of themes or topics within this training course. One of the most important things to do to take in order to make certain that the problem is amicably resolved includes developing ample foreign laws that ensure sufficient political accountability and responsibility. It is a social problem because it is widespread and affects many of our communities and the individuals within them who do not fit the norm. Social issues have always been an essential part of the human condition.

Homosexuality As A Psychological Disorder - 1511 Words

The social argument for homosexuality dates back to the ancient Greeks. Aristophanes, in his Symposium investigates homosexuality, although not termed as such, as a desire by men to share a long-term fulfillment of the soul. He believed that two souls are longing to be together, and the sexual desire alone is not strong enough to create homosexuality, but that the cultural environment allows or forbids the relationship to occur (Heffner, 2003). The debate about homosexuality dates back further than expected. However, it does not matter how far back it goes, there is still the same result, homosexuality is not biological and homosexuals are not born this way. Groups supporting gay and lesbian relationships [did not emerge] until after World War II, (Morris, 2015). Research being done today to prove that homosexuality is biological has yet to have solid evidence to support that theory. Therefore, the start up of these groups were quite unnecessary. Homosexuality, at most, is a psycholo gical disorder, meaning it is all in the person s head. It can be caused by a multitude of things and can be changed with a little help from others. Although there is no irrefutable evidence regarding the origins of sexual preference there is significant historical and sociological support, that homosexuality is environmentally derived. A psychological disorder is a disorder of the mind involving thoughts, behavior, and emotions that cause either self or others significant distressShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality Is Not a Psychological Disorder Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesHomosexuality is not a psychological disorder†¦ In the past, homosexuality was considered to be a psychological disorder, up until the APA removed it from its list of mental illnesses. This was due to the fact that homosexuality causes no form of impairment on the individual’s judgment, stability, reliability, or general social and or vocational abilities. This decision made over 30 years ago, has caused a lot of criticism, many believe that the APA’s decision was made due to the amount of influenceRead MoreWhy There Is Conflict Over The Dsm 51432 Words   |  6 Pagesand Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. (DSM) The DSM has attracted controversy and criticism as well as praise since it has been used. It was first published in 1952 there have been five revisions, gradually including more mental health disorders some has been removed and are no longer considered to be mental health disorders, and the most notably being homosexuality. (DSM-11) There are many reasonsRead MoreMental Health And The Lgbt Community1665 Words   |  7 Pageslesbians and bisexuals are more likely to be at risk for mental disorders compared to heterosexuals (Cochran and Mays 2003). Mental health issues are not only seen in the adult LGBT community but in the youth LGBT. Studies suggest that mental health disparities can exist during adolescence (Mustanski et al. 2010). The purpose of this review is to show that the LGBT community is at higher risk for mental health disorders and psychological distress. This review will show that discrimination among theRead MorePsychology : Humanistic And Psychodynamic Approach On The Dsm, And Going A Bit Into Homosexuality1111 Words   |  5 Pagesareas of approaches such as humanistic and psychodynamic along with reading the DSM, and going a bit into homosexuality. In my findings I put together a bit of information regarding the question, to the best of my knowledge. I mention why I prefer the humanistic approach. Also I was able to local a copy of the DSM and describe about the disorder I found interesting. 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Some people believe that homosexuality is biologically determined and others believe it’s base on ones environment. This topic can be argue to be base on both nature and nurture. Studies conducted in the past decades support both the biological and environmentalRead MoreEssay about Sexual Orientation1077 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered highly controversial in our world today. There are many issues that society is faced with concerning homosexuality. When thinking of homosexuality most people refer to the Bible for an answer. There is even more controversy within the Bible’s text. Not only is there reference to the Bible, but also to our mind to answer whether or not homosexuality is a moral issue. Psychological and Biological research is searching for an answer to this illustrious area of confusion. According to ShakuntalaRead MoreSexual Dysfunction is the loss or impairment of the ordinary physical responses of sexual function.1000 Words   |  4 Pagessexual arousal disorder. It once was called impotence but was rejected because it was too judgmental. When men are unable to attain or uphold an erection it is called an erectile dysfunction. Desire disorders, Arousal disorders, orgasm disorders, and Pain disorders are the four categories of sexual dysfunction. It is common when you sometimes have problems getting erect for men and reaching an orgasms for women. When it becomes frequent is when there is a problem. Desire disorder is lack of sexualRead MoreAnalysis Of Farewell My Concubine And The King And The Clown 1653 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout many countries around the world, homosexuality has always been subjected as a controversial matter. The societal attitudes towards the behavior of homosexuality vary substantially across Asia. Surprisingly, there are two conflicting attitudes toward homosexuality. Some Asian countries strongly condemn against homosexuality. Whereas, in some Asian countries visibly accept homosexuality. Judith Butler explained that gender is represented as a stylized repetition of acts or imitation. SheRead MoreHomosexuality And Its Effects On Society Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesMany people believe and have debated whether or not homosexuality is a choice that one freely makes, while others believe a combination of genetics, hormones and environment have a factor in one’s sexuality and sexual development. Homosexuality is something one cannot choos e to be. Primarily, homosexuality can be defined as a romantic or sexual attraction that involves people of the same gender. Male homosexuals are referred to as gays while the female ones are called lesbians. Ideally, since time

Trans Pacific Partnership A Free Trade Agreement Essay

The Trans-Pacific Partnership is something that you may have heard of on the news, but like many, you probably do not know what exactly it is. The Trans-Pacific Partnership or TPP as it is commonly referred to in shorthand is a free trade agreement that the United States and 12 countries which includes Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, the United States, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei, and New Zealand. Free Trade means that tariffs are virtually dismantled in between countries to supposedly spur the machine of trade and boost everybody’s economy. If you did not know that you are not alone as a Harvard poll that was reported about in a Politico, which is a respected political news source, â€Å"†¦despite the seeming predominance of this issue in the media and in Washington D.C., only 29% of Americans say they have heard or read anything about the TPP, while 70% say they have heard or read nothing at all.† (Palmer, 6) This is disappointing as more people should be more involved with such a monumental agreement that could affect their lives in very big ways. If they were to know about what it will do if we signed onto it, no one would allow it, but coded language and redirects of the subject have led many Americans buying into the supposed good things about the agreement or as the poll suggests never even heard about it. 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In 2008Read MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership Is A Controversial Free Trade Agreement1214 Words   |  5 PagesThe Trans-Pacific Partnership is a controversial free trade agreement between Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Z ealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States, and Vietnam, which encompass forty percent of the total global economy, making it the largest trade deal signed in the last twenty years. While President Barack Obama has been pushing this agreement, many politicians have come out against it, including presidential hopefuls Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders, callingRead MoreTrans Pacific Partnership : A Multilateral Free Trade Agreement1958 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Trans-Pacific Partnership (Greenburg, par. 4). The United States will supposedly lose sovereignty and it will hurt jobs and economy by including China in the Trans-Pacific Partnership. However, the partnership involving China will improve both countries relations and economies tremendously and willcreate many more jobs. Therefore, the United States needs to invite China into the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The Trans-Pacific Partnership, also known as the Trans-Pacific Strategic Partnership AgreementRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership Is An Asia Pacific Regional Free Trade Agreement1146 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Trans-Pacific Partnership is an Asia-Pacific regional free trade agreement currently under negotiation between the Unties States and about a dozen countries surrounding the Pacific Ocean† (Weddle, 2013). It’s a giant free trade deal that has been in the process of negotiation for about a decade. The ultimate goal of the deal is to join countries together through a unified agreement and make free trade among these counties smooth and painless. The trade agreement covers everything from tariffsRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp ) Is A Multilateral Free Trade Agreement Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesThe Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a multilateral free trade agreement that aims to facilitate economic integration among its twelve member state s. Scholars Capling and Ravenhill describe the agreement as â€Å"transregional† since it unites various states from five distinct regions: Oceania, North America, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. After eight years of negotiations, the TPP was signed on February 4, 2016 but has yet to be ratified and implemented by its signatories. BesidesRead MoreDiscuss Pros and Cons for Joining the Trans-Pacific Partnership837 Words   |  3 Pages Introduction The Trans- Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement was outlined on November 11th, 2011. It is currently set up between nine countries. They are: the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Peru, and Brunei Darussalem. The purpose of the trade agreement is to â€Å"enhance trade and investment among the Trans- Pacific Partnership countries, promote innovation, economic growth and development, and support the creation and retention of jobsRead MoreCanada Joining Trans-Pacific Partnership Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: Pros and Cons of Canada Joining Trans-Pacific Partnership Trans-Pacific Partnership is a trade block that seeks to bring together countries from the Asian continent with those in the South and North America, especially those sharing the pacific coastline. The partnership was initiated by a total of four countries including Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore. However, since its establishment in the year 2005, the number of interested parties has increased to the current 12 countriesRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement1544 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Trans-Pacific Partnership. This, seven years in the making, the document has now finally showed all its entire document on November 5th, 2015. Where it is now being reviewed by congress for ninety days (DePillis, 2015). However, what exactly is the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement? Also, how does this affect society? While the last question is too broad to answer; this paper will show the effects on three specific products: milk, dolphins, and video games. The Trans-Pacific Pa rtnership agreementRead MoreShould Free Trade Be Allowed?904 Words   |  4 PagesAllowing free trade to happen will allow many benefits like having larger varieties of goods and services for a lower price, growth for the economy and as well as increased exports for producers. Free trade will especially help the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a free trade agreement among 12 countries that border the Pacific Ocean. The countries included in the are: Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, New Zealand, Vietnam, and the United States.The benefits of

John Winthrop “a Model of Christian Charity” (1630) Free Essays

John Winthrop â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity† (1630) Daisha A. Powell South University John Winthrop â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity† (1630) The Puritans had different beliefs from the Pilgrims in which they jilted separatism postulating the Anglican Church could be saved. They wanted to build churches to function as models for the English Church. We will write a custom essay sample on John Winthrop â€Å"a Model of Christian Charity† (1630) or any similar topic only for you Order Now John Winthrop on the eve of the puritans’ settlement of Massachusetts Bay wanted to have a structure of government and social order already established. John Winthrop stated that the only way order and success of a colony is rooted in a belief in God, communal covenant and the mindset the life of hard work is God’s plan. First, John Winthrop believes that life itself was predestined and with conformity and belief in God and his almighty power and glory, preservation lies within. Secondly, all men are equal and no one is more honorable, more wealthy, or superior to another. All men shall be tight knit in the bond of brotherly love. Thirdly, bound by an agreement between God in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior in return, man has a choice. By choosing to live by God’s word man will continue to be blessed with countless blessings but deciding to live life outside of this covenant God will break out in wrath as an act of revenge. John Winthrop goes on to say that man must work as one, entertain one another, and be willing to help each other with meekness, gentleness, patience, and liberality. He views his community as one of the same body and so when one person suffers everyone suffers or supply that person with some sort of relief. By keeping the unity in the bond of peace the Lord will be pleased with their actions and they would see much more of his omnipotent power, wisdom, and goodness. John Winthrop believes that they will have a new profound belief that God is among them when ten of them will be able to resist a thousand of their enemies. He consistently prompted his people of heir mission and encouraged them to satisfy their divine obligation to become a beacon of godliness for all mankind, and that they should be as â€Å"a city upon a hill† (Stone, 2012). They will witness things unheard of and become a testimony to others, believers and non-believers. These testimonies will serve as proof of God’s existence and of his power. In conclusion, man should love, worship, serve, and obey the Lord as well as love one another, walk in His ways, live by His commandments, ordinance, laws, and by the covenant. By cleaving to God, he will give an abundance of blessings to life’s pleasures and profits. This commitment to God ensures a life of prosperity. References Goldfield, D. (2011). The American Journey: A History of the United States. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Stone, P. (2012, October). Worlds Apart, Translation and Adaption 1600-1685. The American Journey. Lecture conducted from South University, Novi, Michigan. How to cite John Winthrop â€Å"a Model of Christian Charity† (1630), Papers

common Essay Example For Students

common Essay Colonial America BookNotesJohn Putnam Demos(1937-)A Little Commonwealth:Family Life in Plymouth ColonyNY: Oxford UP, 1970. xvi + 201 p. Ill.: 15 photos (btw. 108-09). Appendix: demographic tables (191-94). Bibliographical footnotes, index (195-201). ISBN: 0195128907 (1999 ed.)Thesis:A familie is a little Church, and a little commonwealth, at least a lively representation thereof, whereby triall may be made of such as are fit for any place of authoritie, or of subjection in Church or commonwealth. Or rather it is as a schoole wherein the first principles and grounds of government and subjection are learned: whereby men are fitted to greater matters in Church or commonwealth. Epigraph by William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties (London, 1622) BookNotes Reviews:Henretta, James A. The Morphology of New England Society in the Colonial Period. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2.2 (Autumn 1971): 379-398. The dominant historiographical theme since about 1900 has been the declension of English traditions in the New World wilderness. Frederick Jackson Turner and Perry Miller formulated the declension theory that English customs, institutions, and ideas were disintegrating in America, a theory with nationalist implications. The declension theory proposes that the English colonists were religious peasants who instituted medievalistic communal plantations that were necessarily transformed by the American environment, a social change that culminated in the American Revolution. In A Little Commonwealth, Demos provides barren artifacts to demonstrate the transforming social existence of the 1620 Plymouth settlement until its demise in the 1691 Massachusetts charter incorporating Plymouth. Demos describes the small rustic houses and presents some court cases involving families, then discuss the effects of the crowded conditions on the large families. He suggests that the colonists were forced by these conditions to displace their natural aggression onto their neighbors. Isaac, Rhys. American Historical Review 76.3 (June 1971): 728-37. We are presently confronted by fundamental questions concerning the nature of order and authority in a traditional society, and these questions have been given added point by researches into the ideological transformations wrought by adaptation to growth and expansion in the New World environment and by the first great secular revolution of our era. Historical demography reveals the evolution of basic patterns of everyday life, providing social history with the sense of movement that history at large has lost since the idea of progress was discredited. John Demos has employed historical demography techniques first developed in France, then transmitted to American historians through the English historians Peter Laslett and E. A. Wrigley, but adapted to the American perspective transcending demography to encompass experience, the values and emotions of the culture studied. Demos merges micro-observations gleaned from court records of conflict involving families in Plymouth Colony with imaginative reconstruction of the spatial arrangement of the Old Colony houses and concludes that hostile impulses within the family, arising inevitably from frequent abrasion in congested conditions, were themselves inhibited but were eventually displaced outward in aggression toward neighbors. Demos study reflects and develops that of Perry Miller, who merged intellectual and social history, but supplemented an intuitive perception for his evaluation. Bernard Bailyn, in The Origins of American Politics (1968), merged the study of political culture with structure and experience. Both Miller and Bailyn produced works with an elitist bias, which is corrected in community studies such as A Little Commonwealth by Demos. Philip Grevens Four Generations, a similar 1970 community study, finds unusual stability in Andover, Massachusetts, but Demos finds significant mobility in Plymouth Colony. Macfarlane, Alan. Man 6.4 (December 1971): 713-14. Demos accomplishes for Plymouth colony what Laslett destroyed some of the myths regarding English marriage and family, and Demos achieves this goal in A Little Commonwealth. He provides data on the typical age of marriage for men and women, and he presents the nuclear family style as typical. However, the extremely complex psychological and sociological problems of domestic life cannot be satisfactorily answered from odd remarks in wills, an occasional court case or theological essay, and our understanding is not helped by the authors failure to describe used and potential sources in any detail. Demos thesis that smallish houses cramped large families and must have caused huge inter-personal tensions, anxieties, and so on, could have been made far less naive by reference to the work of Max Gluckman on the ritualisation of personal relations. Middlekauff, Robert. The Journal of American History 57.2 (September 1970): 404-05. Adolf Hitler EssayThe French prototype of the American sixth section insisted that social history be rewritten from the bottom up and incorporating the perspectives of social psychology, historical demography, and cultural anthropology. John Demos pioneered demographic historical studies of New England in Notes on Plymouth Colony, William and Mary Quarterly 22 (1965): 264-86. A localist focusing on the popular culture of New England, he revised the high culture focus of previous historians, preferring to study court records of family documents, land distribution records, tax rolls, estate inventories, and museum artifacts. Demos pursues Pilgrims perceptions, ideals, and hopes by studying non-narrative data such as vital statistics, property deeds, and settlement records. Demos has combined this data with his remarkable ability to listen to post and sieves and to evoke the living conditions in thosw crowded Puritan households. He applied Erik Eriksons life cycles model to his study of the Puritan family, which he found to display essential continuity. Demos most original contribution is his discussion of Puritan child-rearing practices and the traumatic character formation commencing during the second year and culminating in a tight cluster of anxieties about aggression (134-37). This study still requires explication of the political, religious, and socio-economic provincial connections.